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For a Newtonian fluid wall, shear stress (τ w) can be related to shear rate by = ˙ where μ is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid. For non-Newtonian fluids, there are different constitutive laws depending on the fluid, which relates the stress tensor to the shear rate tensor.
The standard step method (STM) is a computational technique utilized to estimate one-dimensional surface water profiles in open channels with gradually varied flow under steady state conditions.
Hochberg's step-up procedure (1988) is performed using the following steps: [8] Start by ordering the p-values (from lowest to highest) () … and let the associated hypotheses be …
The rate of evolution is quantified as the speed of genetic or morphological change in a lineage over a period of time. The speed at which a molecular entity (such as a protein, gene, etc.) evolves is of considerable interest in evolutionary biology since determining the evolutionary rate is the first step in characterizing its evolution. [1]
To better understand how your individual utilization rate is calculated, let’s run through an example: If you spend $500 on a credit card with a $5,000 credit limit, that equals a 10 percent ...
The definitions of Q-convergence rates have a shortcoming in that they do not naturally capture the convergence behavior of sequences that do not converge with an asymptotically constant rate with every step, such as the staggered geometric progression below that gets closer to its limit only every other step. In such cases, a closely related ...
In finance, the binomial options pricing model (BOPM) provides a generalizable numerical method for the valuation of options.Essentially, the model uses a "discrete-time" (lattice based) model of the varying price over time of the underlying financial instrument, addressing cases where the closed-form Black–Scholes formula is wanting.
"If the essential frequency range is limited to B cycles per second, 2B was given by Nyquist as the maximum number of code elements per second that could be unambiguously resolved, assuming the peak interference is less than half a quantum step. This rate is generally referred to as signaling at the Nyquist rate and 1/(2B) has been termed a ...