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  2. Eigenvalues and eigenvectors - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eigenvalues_and_eigenvectors

    In particular the entries are non-negative, and every row of the matrix sums to one, being the sum of probabilities of transitions from one state to some other state of the system. The Perron–Frobenius theorem gives sufficient conditions for a Markov chain to have a unique dominant eigenvalue, which governs the convergence of the system to a ...

  3. Gamma function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma_function

    The analog of the gamma function over a finite field or a finite ring is the Gaussian sums, a type of exponential sum. The reciprocal gamma function is an entire function and has been studied as a specific topic. The gamma function also shows up in an important relation with the Riemann zeta function, ().

  4. Basel problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_problem

    The Basel problem is a problem in mathematical analysis with relevance to number theory, concerning an infinite sum of inverse squares.It was first posed by Pietro Mengoli in 1650 and solved by Leonhard Euler in 1734, [1] and read on 5 December 1735 in The Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences. [2]

  5. Weighted sum model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weighted_Sum_Model

    In decision theory, the weighted sum model (WSM), [1] [2] also called weighted linear combination (WLC) [3] or simple additive weighting (SAW), [4] is the best known and simplest multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) / multi-criteria decision making method for evaluating a number of alternatives in terms of a number of decision criteria.

  6. Minkowski addition - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minkowski_addition

    Minkowski sums act linearly on the perimeter of two-dimensional convex bodies: the perimeter of the sum equals the sum of perimeters. Additionally, if K {\displaystyle K} is (the interior of) a curve of constant width , then the Minkowski sum of K {\displaystyle K} and of its 180 ∘ {\displaystyle 180^{\circ }} rotation is a disk.

  7. Irwin–Hall distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irwin–Hall_distribution

    In probability and statistics, the Irwin–Hall distribution, named after Joseph Oscar Irwin and Philip Hall, is a probability distribution for a random variable defined as the sum of a number of independent random variables, each having a uniform distribution. [1] For this reason it is also known as the uniform sum distribution.

  8. Taylor series - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_series

    The Taylor series can be used to calculate the value of an entire function at every point, if the value of the function, and of all of its derivatives, are known at a single point. Uses of the Taylor series for analytic functions include: The partial sums (the Taylor polynomials) of the series can be used as approximations of the function ...

  9. Matrix norm - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_norm

    Suppose a vector norm ‖ ‖ on and a vector norm ‖ ‖ on are given. Any matrix A induces a linear operator from to with respect to the standard basis, and one defines the corresponding induced norm or operator norm or subordinate norm on the space of all matrices as follows: ‖ ‖, = {‖ ‖: ‖ ‖ =} = {‖ ‖ ‖ ‖:}. where denotes the supremum.

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