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The Muratorian fragment is a Latin manuscript of an ancient list of New Testament books, possibly from the 2nd or 4th century. It is one of the earliest witnesses to the formation of the Christian canon and contains references to Marcion, Gnostics, and the Shepherd of Hermas.
Lodovico Antonio Muratori (21 October 1672 – 23 January 1750), commonly referred to in Latin as Muratorius, was an Italian Catholic priest, notable as historian and a leading scholar of his age, and for his discovery of the Muratorian fragment, the earliest known list of New Testament books.
The Apocalypse of Peter is an early Christian text of the 2nd century that describes a vision of heaven and hell. It is not part of the New Testament canon, but is an apocryphal work influenced by Jewish and Hellenistic sources.
The Shepherd of Hermas is a Christian literary work of the late first half of the second century, considered a valuable book by many Christians and canonical scripture by some early Church fathers. It consists of five visions, twelve mandates and ten similitudes, and was popular in the Western Roman Empire and Alexandria.
A biblical canon is a set of texts that a religious community regards as part of the Bible. Learn about the origins, development and differences of the Jewish, Christian and Samaritan canons, and the books and passages they include or exclude.
The First Council of Nicaea was a meeting of Christian bishops in 325 AD, convened by Emperor Constantine I to settle the Arian controversy over the nature of Christ. The council produced the Nicene Creed, the first part of the creed, and established the date of Easter and other rules for the church.
The New Testament apocrypha are writings by early Christians that give accounts of Jesus and his teachings, but are not part of the Bible. The term apocrypha means 'things hidden' or 'things put away', and refers to the books that were not accepted as divinely inspired or canonical by the church.
Papias was a Greek Apostolic Father, Bishop of Hierapolis, and author of the Exposition of the Sayings of the Lord. He was a hearer of John the Elder and a companion of Polycarp, and he wrote about the origins of the Gospels and the oral tradition of the apostles.