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2. Cryptographic hash function - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function

   A cryptographic hash function (CHF) is a hash algorithm (a map of an arbitrary binary string to a binary string with a fixed size of bits) that has special properties desirable for a cryptographic application: [1]

3. ASCII - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASCII

   ASCII (/ ˈ æ s k iː / ⓘ ASS-kee), [3]: 6 an acronym for American Standard Code for Information Interchange, is a character encoding standard for electronic communication. . ASCII codes represent text in computers, telecommunications equipment, and other devic

4. XOR cipher - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XOR_cipher

   If the key is random and is at least as long as the message, the XOR cipher is much more secure than when there is key repetition within a message. [4] When the keystream is generated by a pseudo-random number generator, the result is a stream cipher. With a key that is truly random, the result is a one-time pad, which is unbreakable in theory.

5. QR code - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QR_Code

   The QR code system was invented in 1994, at the Denso Wave automotive products company, in Japan. [5] [6] [7] The initial alternating-square design presented by the team of researchers, headed by Masahiro Hara, was influenced by the black counters and the white counters played on a Go board; [8] the pattern of position detection was found and determined by applying the least-used ratio (1:1:3 ...

6. Create and manage 3rd-party app passwords - AOL Help

   help.aol.com/articles/Create-and-manage-app-password

   Customer care can’t override this process of determining App Password creation eligibility. Sign in to your AOL Account Security page. Click Generate app password or Generate and manage app passwords. Click Get Started. Enter your app's name in the text field. Click Generate password. Use the one-time password to log in to your 3rd party app .

7. Randomness - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomness

   A pseudorandomly generated bitmap. In common usage, randomness is the apparent or actual lack of definite pattern or predictability in information. [1] [2] A random sequence of events, symbols or steps often has no order and does not follow an intelligible pattern or combination.

8. Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographically_secure...

   In the asymptotic setting, a family of deterministic polynomial time computable functions : {,} {,} for some polynomial p, is a pseudorandom number generator (PRNG, or PRG in some references), if it stretches the length of its input (() > for any k), and if its output is computationally indistinguishable from true randomness, i.e. for any probabilistic polynomial time algorithm A, which ...

9. Entropy (information theory) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy_(information_theory)

   The first 128 symbols of the Fibonacci sequence has an entropy of approximately 7 bits/symbol, but the sequence can be expressed using a formula [F(n) = F(n−1) + F(n−2) for n = 3, 4, 5, ..., F(1) =1, F(2) = 1] and this formula has a much lower entropy and applies to any length of the Fibonacci sequence.