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Ephemeris time (ET), adopted as standard in 1952, was originally designed as an approach to a uniform time scale, to be freed from the effects of irregularity in the rotation of the Earth, "for the convenience of astronomers and other scientists", for example for use in ephemerides of the Sun (as observed from the Earth), the Moon, and the planets.
Newton's law of universal gravitation says ... By 1680, new values for the diameter of the Earth improved his orbit time to within 1.6%, but more importantly Newton ...
Conversion and its related terms yield and selectivity are important terms in chemical reaction engineering.They are described as ratios of how much of a reactant has reacted (X — conversion, normally between zero and one), how much of a desired product was formed (Y — yield, normally also between zero and one) and how much desired product was formed in ratio to the undesired product(s) (S ...
In orbital mechanics, Kepler's equation relates various geometric properties of the orbit of a body subject to a central force.. It was derived by Johannes Kepler in 1609 in Chapter 60 of his Astronomia nova, [1] [2] and in book V of his Epitome of Copernican Astronomy (1621) Kepler proposed an iterative solution to the equation.
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the volume of fluid filtered from the renal (kidney) glomerular capillaries into the Bowman's capsule per unit time. [4] Central to the physiologic maintenance of GFR is the differential basal tone of the afferent (input) and efferent (output) arterioles (see diagram).
Time dilation by the Lorentz factor was predicted by several authors at the turn of the 20th century. [3] [4] Joseph Larmor (1897) wrote that, at least for those orbiting a nucleus, individual electrons describe corresponding parts of their orbits in times shorter for the [rest] system in the ratio: . [5]
The difference ("down time" minus "up time") is the amount of time it was operating between these two events. By referring to the figure above, the MTBF of a component is the sum of the lengths of the operational periods divided by the number of observed failures:
Since all propositional formulas can be converted into an equivalent formula in conjunctive normal form, proofs are often based on the assumption that all formulae are CNF. However, in some cases this conversion to CNF can lead to an exponential explosion of the formula. For example, translating the non-CNF formula