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t. e. A republic, based on the Latin phrase res publica ('public affair'), is a state in which political power rests with the public through their representatives —in contrast to a monarchy. [ 1 ][ 2 ] Representation in a republic may or may not be freely elected by the general citizenry.
e. Republicanism is a Western political ideology that encompasses a range of ideas from civic virtue, political participation, harms of corruption, positives of mixed constitution, rule of law, and others. [1][2][3][4][5] Historically, it emphasizes the idea of self-governance and ranges from the rule of a representative minority or aristocracy ...
The Founding Fathers discoursed endlessly on the meaning of "republicanism." John Adams in 1787 defined it as "a government, in which all men, rich and poor, magistrates and subjects, officers and people, masters and servants, the first citizen and the last, are equally subject to the laws."
e. A democratic republic is a form of government operating on principles adopted from a republic and a democracy. As a cross between two similar systems, democratic republics may function on principles shared by both republics and democracies. While not all democracies are republics (constitutional monarchies, for instance, are not) and not all ...
e. A federal republic is a federation of states with a republican form of government. At its core, the literal meaning of the word republic when used to reference a form of government means a country that is governed by elected representatives and by an elected leader, such as a president, rather than by a monarch or any hereditary artistocracy.
A directorial republic is a government system with power divided among a college of several people who jointly exercise the powers of a head of state and/or a head of government. Merchant republic: In the early Renaissance, a number of small, wealthy, trade-based city-states embraced republican ideals, notably across Italy and the Baltic.
A common simplified definition of a republic is a government where the head of state is not a monarch. [37] [38] Montesquieu included both democracies, where all the people have a share in rule, and aristocracies or oligarchies, where only some of the people rule, as republican forms of government. [39]
Sixteen kingdoms or oligarchic republics that existed in ancient India from the sixth to fourth centuries BCE, during the second urbanisation period. Licchavikas [2][3] c. 7th/6th century – c. 468. The leading confederate tribe of the Vajjika League Mahajanapada; the city of Vesālī was the republic's capital. [2][3] Vaidehas [2][4] c. 7th ...