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Others are specialized: they only apply to specific fields or areas. For example, models of mass communication are specialized models that do not aim to give a universal account of communication. [21] Another contrast is between linear and non-linear models. Most early models of communication are linear models.
Lasswell and others have used his model beyond the scope of mass communication as a tool for the analysis of all forms of verbal communication. [ 2 ] [ 12 ] [ 10 ] This is also reflected in the fact that some theorists employ his model in their definition of communication in general.
The Shannon–Weaver model is one of the first and most influential models of communication. It was initially published in the 1948 paper "A Mathematical Theory of Communication" and explains communication in terms of five basic components: a source, a transmitter, a channel, a receiver, and a destination. The source produces the original message.
The source–message–channel–receiver model is a linear transmission model of communication. It is also referred to as the sender–message–channel–receiver model, the SMCR model, and Berlo's model. It was first published by David Berlo in his 1960 book The Process of Communication. It contains a detailed discussion of the four main ...
Schramm's model of communication is an early and influential model of communication. It was first published by Wilbur Schramm in 1954 and includes innovations over previous models, such as the inclusion of a feedback loop and the discussion of the role of fields of experience. For Schramm, communication is about sharing information or having a ...
One key activity in communication theory is the development of models and concepts used to describe communication. In the Linear Model, communication works in one direction: a sender encodes some message and sends it through a channel for a receiver to decode. In comparison, the Interactional Model of communication is bidirectional. People send ...
Wilbur Lang Schramm (August 5, 1907 – December 27, 1987) was an American scholar and "authority on mass communications ". [1] He founded the Iowa Writers' Workshop in 1936 and served as its first director until 1941. Schramm was hugely influential in establishing communications as a field of study in the United States, and the establishing of ...
His five-questions model of communication, which focuses on "who (says) what (to) whom (in) what channel (with) what effect," [20] led to the emphasis in communication study on determining effects. First published in Lasswell's 1948 book, The Structure and Function of Communication in Society, [21] the model aims to organize the "scientific ...