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The innermost layer is a silicon-based tracker. Surrounding it is a scintillating crystal electromagnetic calorimeter, which is itself surrounded with a sampling calorimeter for hadrons. The tracker and the calorimetry are compact enough to fit inside the CMS Solenoid which generates a powerful magnetic field of 3.8 T. Outside the magnet are ...
Physics is the natural science of matter, involving the study of matter, its fundamental constituents, its motion and behavior through space and time, and the related entities of energy and force. Physics is one of the most fundamental scientific disciplines, with its main goal being to understand how the universe behaves.
Single-particle tracking ( SPT) is the observation of the motion of individual particles within a medium. The coordinates time series, which can be either in two dimensions ( x, y) or in three dimensions ( x, y, z ), is referred to as a trajectory. The trajectory is typically analyzed using statistical methods to extract information about the ...
Open Source Physics, or OSP, is a project sponsored by the National Science Foundation and Davidson College, whose mission is to spread the use of open source code libraries that take care of a lot of the heavy lifting for physics: drawing and plotting, differential equation solvers, exporting to animated GIFs and movies, etc., tools, and compiled simulations for physics and other numerical ...
In physics, quintessence is a hypothetical form of dark energy, more precisely a scalar field, postulated as an explanation of the observation of an accelerating rate of expansion of the universe. The first example of this scenario was proposed by Ratra and Peebles (1988) [1] and Wetterich (1988). [2] [3] The concept was expanded to more ...
Geant4 (for GEometry ANd Tracking) is a platform for "the simulation of the passage of particles through matter" using Monte Carlo methods. It is the successor of the GEANT series of software toolkits developed by The Geant4 Collaboration, and the first to use object oriented programming (in C++ ).
Tracking (particle physics) In particle physics, tracking is the process of reconstructing the trajectory (or track) of electrically charged particles in a particle detector known as a tracker. The particles entering such a tracker leave a precise record of their passage through the device, by interaction with suitably constructed components ...
ATLAS detector under construction in October 2004 in the experiment pit. Construction was completed in 2008 and ATLAS has been successfully collecting data since November 2009, when colliding beam operation at the LHC started. Note the people in the background, for size comparison. The first cyclotron, an early type of particle accelerator, was ...