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The law of war is the component of international law that regulates the conditions for initiating war ( jus ad bellum) and the conduct of hostilities ( jus in bello ). Laws of war define sovereignty and nationhood, states and territories, occupation, and other critical terms of law.
International Military Tribunal Judges' bench during the tribunal at the Palace of Justice in Nuremberg, Allied-occupied Germany Indictment Conspiracy, crimes against peace, war crimes, crimes against humanity Started 20 November 1945 Decided 1 October 1946 Defendant(s) 24 (see list) Witnesses 37 prosecution, 83 defense Case history Related action(s) Subsequent Nuremberg trials International ...
A military tribunal or commission is most usually used to refer to a court that asserts jurisdiction over persons who are members of an enemy army, are held in military custody, and are accused of a violation of the laws of war. In contrast, courts-martial generally take jurisdiction over only members of their own military.
After the war, multiple Japanese military officers and Kōki Hirota, former Prime Minister of Japan and foreign minister during the atrocities, were found guilty of war crimes and executed. Some other Japanese military leaders in charge at the time of the Nanjing Massacre were not tried only because by the time of the tribunals they had either ...
The absence of specific international humanitarian law does not mean that the laws of war did not cover aerial warfare, but the existing laws remained open to interpretation. Specifically, whether the attack can be considered a war crime depends on whether the city was defended and whether resistance was offered against an approaching enemy.
1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre Part of the Cold War, the Revolutions of 1989 and the Chinese democracy movement Protesters in Tiananmen Square on 2 June (top), and tanks in Beijing in July (bottom) Date Initial protests: 15 April – 4 June 1989 (1 month, 2 weeks and 6 days) Massacre: 3–4 June 1989 (1 day); 35 years ago Location Beijing, China and 400 cities nationwide Tiananmen ...
This is not a list of countries by intentional homicide rate, and criminal gang violence is generally not included unless there is also significant military or paramilitary involvement. Fatality figures include battle-related deaths (military and civilian) as well as civilians intentionally targeted by the parties to an armed conflict. Only ...
This twenty-year armed conflict (2001–2021) is referred to as the War in Afghanistan [93] in order to distinguish it from the country's various other wars, [94] notably the ongoing Afghan conflict of which it was a part, [95] and the Soviet–Afghan War.