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Computer hardware. Computer hardware includes the physical parts of a computer, such as the central processing unit (CPU), random access memory (RAM), motherboard, computer data storage, graphics card, sound card, and computer case. It includes external devices such as a monitor, mouse, keyboard, and speakers. [1] [2]
Computer science. Computer science is the study of computation, information, and automation. [1] [2] [3] Computer science spans theoretical disciplines (such as algorithms, theory of computation, and information theory) to applied disciplines (including the design and implementation of hardware and software ).
Artificial intelligence was founded as an academic discipline in 1956. [6] The field went through multiple cycles of optimism, [7] [8] followed by periods of disappointment and loss of funding, known as AI winter. [9] [10] Funding and interest vastly increased after 2012 when deep learning surpassed all previous AI techniques, [11] and after ...
A central processing unit ( CPU ), also called a central processor, main processor, or just processor, is the most important processor in a given computer. [1] [2] Its electronic circuitry executes instructions of a computer program, such as arithmetic, logic, controlling, and input/output (I/O) operations. [3] [4] [5] This role contrasts with ...
Quantum System One, a quantum computer by IBM from 2019 with 20 superconducting qubits. A quantum computer is a computer that takes advantage of quantum mechanical phenomena. On small scales, physical matter exhibits properties of both particles and waves, and quantum computing leverages this behavior, specifically quantum superposition and entanglement, using specialized hardware that ...
A computer is a machine that can be programmed to automatically carry out sequences of arithmetic or logical operations ( computation ). Modern digital electronic computers can perform generic sets of operations known as programs. These programs enable computers to perform a wide range of tasks. The term computer system may refer to a nominally ...
Alan Mathison Turing OBE FRS ( / ˈtjʊərɪŋ /; 23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954) was an English mathematician, computer scientist, logician, cryptanalyst, philosopher and theoretical biologist. [5] Turing was highly influential in the development of theoretical computer science, providing a formalisation of the concepts of algorithm and ...
A mechanical computer is a computer built from mechanical components such as levers and gears rather than electronic components. The most common examples are adding machines and mechanical counters, which use the turning of gears to increment output displays. More complex examples could carry out multiplication and division—Friden used a ...