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e. Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure ( HTTPS) is an extension of the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP). It uses encryption for secure communication over a computer network, and is widely used on the Internet. [1] [2] In HTTPS, the communication protocol is encrypted using Transport Layer Security (TLS) or, formerly, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL).
Public key certificate. In cryptography, a public key certificate, also known as a digital certificate or identity certificate, is an electronic document used to prove the validity of a public key. [1] [2] The certificate includes the public key and information about it, information about the identity of its owner (called the subject), and the ...
Server Name Indication ( SNI) is an extension to the Transport Layer Security (TLS) computer networking protocol by which a client indicates which hostname it is attempting to connect to at the start of the handshaking process. [1] The extension allows a server to present one of multiple possible certificates on the same IP address and TCP port ...
Internet. Internet censorship is the legal control or suppression of what can be accessed, published, or viewed on the Internet. Censorship is most often applied to specific internet domains (such as, Wikipedia.org) but exceptionally may extend to all Internet resources located outside the jurisdiction of the censoring state.
The Great Firewall ( GFW; simplified Chinese: 防火长城; traditional Chinese: 防火長城; pinyin: Fánghuǒ Chángchéng) is the combination of legislative actions and technologies enforced by the People's Republic of China to regulate the Internet domestically. [1] Its role in internet censorship in China is to block access to selected ...
HTTP Public Key Pinning ( HPKP) is an obsolete Internet security mechanism delivered via an HTTP header which allows HTTPS websites to resist impersonation by attackers using misissued or otherwise fraudulent digital certificates. [1] A server uses it to deliver to the client (e.g. web browser) a set of hashes of public keys that must appear in ...
Heartbleed is a security bug in some outdated versions of the OpenSSL cryptography library, which is a widely used implementation of the Transport Layer Security (TLS) protocol. It was introduced into the software in 2012 and publicly disclosed in April 2014. Heartbleed could be exploited regardless of whether the vulnerable OpenSSL instance is ...
Secure Socket Tunneling Protocol ( SSTP) is a form of virtual private network (VPN) tunnel that provides a mechanism to transport PPP traffic through an SSL/TLS channel. SSL/TLS provides transport-level security with key negotiation, encryption and traffic integrity checking. The use of SSL/TLS over TCP port 443 (by default; port can be changed ...