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  2. "Hello, World!" program - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/"Hello,_World!"_program

    It serves as a sanity check and a simple example of installing a software package. For developers, it provides an example of creating a .deb package, either traditionally or using debhelper, and the version of hello used, GNU Hello, serves as an example of writing a GNU program. [15] Variations of the "Hello, World!"

  3. Examples of Markov chains - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Examples_of_Markov_chains

    A state diagram for a simple example is shown in the figure on the right, using a directed graph to picture the state transitions. The states represent whether a hypothetical stock market is exhibiting a bull market, bear market, or stagnant market trend during a given week. According to the figure, a bull week is followed by another bull week ...

  4. Compound (linguistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)

    An example is the sign for weekend in Sign Language of the Netherlands, which is produced by simultaneously signing a one-handed version of the sign for Saturday and a one-handed version of the sign for Sunday. [17] In American Sign Language there is another process easily compared to compounding.

  5. Sampling (statistics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampling_(statistics)

    A visual representation of the sampling process. In statistics, quality assurance, and survey methodology, sampling is the selection of a subset or a statistical sample (termed sample for short) of individuals from within a statistical population to estimate characteristics of the whole population.

  6. Proportionality (mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proportionality_(mathematics)

    Given an independent variable x and a dependent variable y, y is directly proportional to x [1] if there is a positive constant k such that: = The relation is often denoted using the symbols "∝" (not to be confused with the Greek letter alpha) or "~", with exception of Japanese texts, where "~" is reserved for intervals:

  7. Counterexample - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counterexample

    For example, suppose that after a while, the mathematician above settled on the new conjecture "All shapes that are rectangles and have four sides of equal length are squares". This conjecture has two parts to the hypothesis: the shape must be 'a rectangle' and must have 'four sides of equal length'.

  8. Simple module - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_module

    Not every module has a simple submodule; consider for instance the Z-module Z in light of the first example above. Let M and N be (left or right) modules over the same ring, and let f : M → N be a module homomorphism. If M is simple, then f is either the zero homomorphism or injective because the kernel of f is a submodule of M.

  9. Graph (discrete mathematics) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_(discrete_mathematics)

    A graph with three vertices and three edges. A graph (sometimes called an undirected graph to distinguish it from a directed graph, or a simple graph to distinguish it from a multigraph) [4] [5] is a pair G = (V, E), where V is a set whose elements are called vertices (singular: vertex), and E is a set of unordered pairs {,} of vertices, whose elements are called edges (sometimes links or lines).