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A Symbolics 3640 Lisp machine: an early (1984) platform for expert systems. In artificial intelligence (AI), an expert system is a computer system emulating the decision-making ability of a human expert. [1] Expert systems are designed to solve complex problems by reasoning through bodies of knowledge, represented mainly as if–then rules ...
A CAS is a complex, self-similar collectivity of interacting, adaptive agents. Complex Adaptive Systems are characterized by a high degree of adaptive capacity, giving them resilience in the face of perturbation . Other important properties are adaptation (or homeostasis ), communication, cooperation, specialization, spatial and temporal ...
A complex system is a system composed of many components which may interact with each other. Examples of complex systems are Earth's global climate, organisms, the human brain, infrastructure such as power grid, transportation or communication systems, complex software and electronic systems, social and economic organizations (like cities), an ecosystem, a living cell, and, ultimately, for ...
Irreducible complexity (IC) is the argument that certain biological systems with multiple interacting parts would not function if one of the parts were removed, so supposedly could not have evolved by successive small modifications from earlier less complex systems through natural selection, which would need all intermediate precursor systems to have been fully functional.
"Complex systems are, by any other definition, learning organizations." Complexity Theory, KM, and OL are all complementary and co-dependent. “KM and OL each lack a theory of how cognition happens in human social systems – complexity theory offers this missing piece”. Complexity theory and project management
A multi-agent system ( MAS or "self-organized system") is a computerized system composed of multiple interacting intelligent agents. [1] Multi-agent systems can solve problems that are difficult or impossible for an individual agent or a monolithic system to solve. [2] Intelligence may include methodic, functional, procedural approaches ...
Background. The notion of Parallel Intelligence has its roots in the interdisciplinary fields of cognitive science, AI, and collective intelligence. It draws inspiration from the observation that human intelligence, when combined with AI technologies, can lead to superior performance in problem-solving tasks compared to either intelligence alone.
Intelligent agent. In intelligence and artificial intelligence, an intelligent agent ( IA) is an agent acting in an intelligent manner. It perceives its environment, takes actions autonomously in order to achieve goals, and may improve its performance with learning or acquiring knowledge. An intelligent agent may be simple or complex: A ...