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  2. Population density - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density

    Population density is the number of people per unit of area, usually transcribed as "per square kilometer" or square mile, and which may include or exclude, for example, areas of water or glaciers. Commonly this is calculated for a county, city, country, another territory or the entire world . The world's population is around 8,000,000,000 [3 ...

  3. Number density - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Number_density

    Number density. The number density (symbol: n or ρN) is an intensive quantity used to describe the degree of concentration of countable objects ( particles, molecules, phonons, cells, galaxies, etc.) in physical space: three-dimensional volumetric number density, two-dimensional areal number density, or one-dimensional linear number density.

  4. Population dynamics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_dynamics

    where N is the biomass density, a is the maximum per-capita rate of change, and K is the carrying capacity of the population. The formula can be read as follows: the rate of change in the population (dN/dt) is equal to growth (aN) that is limited by carrying capacity (1 − N/K).

  5. Urban density - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_density

    Urban density is a term used in urban planning and urban design to refer to the number of people inhabiting a given urbanized area. As such it is to be distinguished from other measures of population density. Urban density is considered an important factor in understanding how cities function. Research related to urban density occurs across ...

  6. Physiological density - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physiological_density

    The physiological density or real population density is the number of people per unit area of arable land . A higher physiological density suggests that the available agricultural land is being used by more and may reach its output limit sooner than a country that has a lower physiological density. Egypt is a notable example, with physiological ...

  7. Normal distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal_distribution

    Its density is infinitely differentiable, indeed supersmooth of order 2. Furthermore, the density of the standard normal distribution (i.e. = and =) also has the following properties: Its first derivative is ′ = ().

  8. Boltzmann distribution - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boltzmann_distribution

    Boltzmann's distribution is an exponential distribution. Boltzmann factor (vertical axis) as a function of temperature T for several energy differences εi − εj. In statistical mechanics and mathematics, a Boltzmann distribution (also called Gibbs distribution [1]) is a probability distribution or probability measure that gives the ...

  9. Likelihood function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Likelihood_function

    t. e. The likelihood function (often simply called the likelihood) is the joint probability mass (or probability density) of observed data viewed as a function of the parameters of a statistical model. [1] [2] [3] Intuitively, the likelihood function is the probability of observing data assuming is the actual parameter.