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  2. Condensed matter physics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensed_matter_physics

    e. Condensed matter physics is the field of physics that deals with the macroscopic and microscopic physical properties of matter, especially the solid and liquid phases, that arise from electromagnetic forces between atoms and electrons. More generally, the subject deals with condensed phases of matter: systems of many constituents with strong ...

  3. Soft matter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_matter

    The science of soft matter is a subfield of condensed matter physics. Soft materials include liquids, colloids, polymers, foams, gels, granular materials, liquid crystals, flesh, and a number of biomaterials. These materials share an important common feature in that predominant physical behaviors occur at an energy scale comparable with room ...

  4. Bose–Einstein condensate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose–Einstein_condensate

    In condensed matter physics, a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of matter that is typically formed when a gas of bosons at very low densities is cooled to temperatures very close to absolute zero , i.e., 0 K (−273.15 °C; −459.67 °F). Under such conditions, a large fraction of bosons occupy the lowest quantum state, at which ...

  5. Introduction to Solid State Physics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduction_to_Solid...

    Introduction to Solid State Physics. Introduction to Solid State Physics, known colloquially as Kittel, is a classic condensed matter physics textbook written by American physicist Charles Kittel in 1953. [1] The book has been highly influential and has seen widespread adoption; Marvin L. Cohen remarked in 2019 that Kittel's content choices in ...

  6. Quantum materials - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_materials

    Quantum materials is an umbrella term in condensed matter physics that encompasses all materials whose essential properties cannot be described in terms of semiclassical particles and low-level quantum mechanics. [1] These are materials that present strong electronic correlations or some type of electronic order, such as superconducting or ...

  7. Topological order - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topological_order

    Landau symmetry-breaking theory is a cornerstone of condensed matter physics. It is used to define the territory of condensed matter research. The existence of topological order appears to indicate that nature is much richer than Landau symmetry-breaking theory has so far indicated. So topological order opens up a new direction in condensed ...

  8. Timeline of condensed matter physics - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_condensed...

    Condensed matter refers to materials where particles (atoms, molecules, or ions) are closely packed together or under interaction, such as solids and liquids. This field explores a wide range of phenomena, including the electronic, magnetic, thermal, and mechanical properties of matter. This timeline includes developments in subfields of ...

  9. Geometrical frustration - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometrical_frustration

    In condensed matter physics, the term geometrical frustration (or in short: frustration[1]) refers to a phenomenon where atoms tend to stick to non-trivial positions [citation needed] or where, on a regular crystal lattice, conflicting inter-atomic forces (each one favoring rather simple, but different structures) lead to quite complex structures.

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