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Ad hominem. Ad hominem ( Latin for 'to the person'), short for argumentum ad hominem, refers to several types of arguments that are fallacious. Often nowadays this term refers to a rhetorical strategy where the speaker attacks the character, motive, or some other attribute of the person making an argument rather than attacking the substance of ...
A tone argument (also called tone policing) is a type of ad hominem aimed at the tone of an argument instead of its factual or logical content in order to dismiss a person's argument. Ignoring the truth or falsity of a statement, a tone argument instead focuses on the emotion with which it is expressed. This is a logical fallacy because a ...
Appeal to the stone, also known as argumentum ad lapidem, is a logical fallacy that dismisses an argument as untrue or absurd. The dismissal is made by stating or reiterating that the argument is absurd, without providing further argumentation. This theory is closely tied to proof by assertion due to the lack of evidence behind the statement ...
Tu quoque. Tu quoque ( / tjuːˈkwoʊkwiː /; [1] Latin for 'you also') is a discussion technique that intends to discredit the opponent's argument by attacking the opponent's own personal behavior and actions as being inconsistent with their argument, so that the opponent is hypocritical. This specious reasoning is a special type of ad hominem ...
Association fallacy. The association fallacy is a formal logical fallacy that asserts that properties of one thing must also be properties of another thing, if both things belong to the same group. For example, a fallacious arguer may claim that "bears are animals, and bears are dangerous; therefore your dog, which is also an animal, must be ...
Reductio ad Hitlerum. Reductio ad Hitlerum ( Latin for "reduction to Hitler"), also known as playing the Nazi card, [1] [2] is an attempt to invalidate someone else's argument on the basis that the same idea was promoted or practised by Adolf Hitler or the Nazi Party. [3] Arguments can be termed reductio ad Hitlerum if they are fallacious (e.g ...
Argumentum ad baculum. Argumentum ad baculum ( Latin for "argument to the cudgel " or " appeal to the stick ") is the fallacy committed when one makes an appeal to force [1] to bring about the acceptance of a conclusion. [2] [3] One participates in argumentum ad baculum when one emphasizes the negative consequences of holding the contrary ...
Rejecting a theory in physics because its author is Jewish, which was common in the German physics community in the early 1930s, is an example of the ad hominem fallacy. But not all ad hominem arguments constitute fallacies. It is a common and reasonable practice in court, for example, to defend oneself against an accusation by casting doubt on ...