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Import substitution industrialization (ISI) is a protectionist trade and economic policy that advocates replacing foreign imports with domestic production. [1] It is based on the premise that a country should attempt to reduce its foreign dependency through the local production of industrialized products. The term primarily refers to 20th-century development economics policies, but it has been ...
The Premier Soccer League (PSL) is the administrative body for professional soccer leagues and cups in South Africa. It is based in Johannesburg, and was founded in 1996 following an agreement between the National Soccer League and the remnants of the National Professional Soccer League (NPSL).
The Xhosa people (/ ˈkɔːsə / KAW-sə, / ˈkoʊsə / KOH-sə; [2][3][4] Xhosa pronunciation: [kǁʰɔ́ːsa] ⓘ) are an ethnic group that migrated over centuries into Southern Africa, eventually settling in South Africa. They are the second largest ethnic group in South Africa and are native speakers of the isiXhosa language. The Xhosa people are descendants of Nguni clans who settled in ...
Lusaka (/ luːˈsɑːkə / loo-SAH-kə) is the capital and largest city of Zambia. It is one of the fastest-developing cities in southern Africa. [7] Lusaka is in the southern part of the central plateau at an elevation of about 1,279 metres (4,196 ft). As of 2019, the city's population was about 3.3 million, while the urban population is estimated at 2.5 million in 2018. [8] Lusaka is the ...
The Inter-Services Intelligence was established in 1948. It was the brainchild of Major General Walter Cawthorn, then Deputy Chief of Staff of the Pakistan Army, following the First Kashmir War which had exposed weaknesses in intelligence gathering, sharing, and coordination between the army, air force, navy, Intelligence Bureau (IB) and Military Intelligence (MI). [citation needed] The ISI ...
Abdurrazack " Zackie " Achmat (born 21 March 1962) is a South African activist and film director. [2][3][4] He is a co-founder the Treatment Action Campaign and known worldwide for his activism on behalf of people living with HIV and AIDS in South Africa.
The northwestern part of present-day Burkina Faso was populated by hunter-gatherers from 14,000 BC to 5,000 BC. Their tools, including scrapers, chisels and arrowheads, were discovered in 1973 through archaeological excavations. [23] Agricultural settlements were established between 3600 and 2600 BC. [23] The Bura culture was an Iron-Age civilization centred in the southwest portion of modern ...
She founded and led the Independent Democrats (ID), a political party which she formed in 2003 during a floor-crossing window, after she broke away from the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC). In August 2010, the ID merged with the Democratic Alliance, South Africa's official opposition, [1] and the party was officially dissolved in 2014.